Sui tuareg
La storia di questa popolazione affonda le radici in un passato ben lontano, tanto da non essere possibile risalire a una precisa origine. Da sempre conosciuti per la loro abilità di sopravvivere in fiorenti gruppi sociali nonostante l’austerità del deserto, per secoli i Tuareg hanno basato la loro sussistenza sull’allevamento e il suo commercio oltre il Sahara. Ai Tuareg spetta il merito di aver introdotto l’utilizzo dei dromedari, animali resistenti, ideali per lunghi trasferimenti e utili fornitori di latte.
Senza fissa dimora e soliti ad accamparsi con tende nel deserto, negli ultimi due secoli i Tuareg hanno subito cambiamenti anche importanti alle loro tradizionali abitudini. Agli inizi del Novecento finirono nella colonizzazione francese, sebbene fu permesso loro di mantenere tradizioni e suddivisione dei capi. Con il termine del Colonialismo, però, la popolazione si trovò costretta a fronteggiare un ben più complesso scenario geopolitico, tanto da alimentare diversi scontri affinché potessero mantenere il loro status di nomadi non solo a livello tradizionale, ma anche e soprattutto sul piano politico.
Particolarmente nota è l’usanza del tè, una cerimonia che i Tuareg compiono più volte al giorno ed alla sera davanti al fuoco. La preparazione è lunga e complessa: è necessario bollire il tè tre volte. Il tè della prima bollitura è detto “tè della morte“, per il suo gusto forte e molto amaro. Il secondo tè è chiamato il “tè della vita“, per il suo sapore decisamente più dolce e piacevole ma dal lieve retrogusto amarognolo. Il tè ottenuto dalla terza bollitura è invece chiamato il “tè dell’amore“, dolce e intenso. L’atto di versare il tè è un rito nel rito e avviene dall’alto al basso in un bicchiere per creare la schiuma, che rende il tè delicato e spumoso. Secondo un proverbio Tuareg, un tè senza schiuma è come un Tuareg senza turbante.
La religione che praticano è l’Islam, anche se vi è chi ha visto in diverse loro pratiche e leggende dei residui di un anteriore animismo. L’epoca di adozione dell’Islam risale a diversi secoli fa. Le donne hanno una libertà maggiore rispetto ad altre culture islamiche, e tra l’altro possono divorziare dal marito. Quando ciò si verifica, dal momento che le tende sono di proprietà della donna, l’ex-marito si ritrova senza un tetto e deve cercare ospitalità presso parenti di sesso femminile. La tenda e il suo arredamento, infatti, sono forniti alla coppia dalla famiglia della sposa.
I Tuareg praticano la monogamia, anche se sotto l’influenza dell’Islam qualunque individuo può avere più mogli. Il futuro marito porterà una dote composta da dromedari alla famiglia della sposa.
I Tuareg mantengono molti aspetti linguistici e culturali originari delle popolazioni berbere che popolano il Nordafrica dalla notte dei tempi. La lingua dei Tuareg, a differenza di quella dei Berberi del nord, ha un apporto trascurabile di prestiti dall’arabo. Inoltre i Tuareg hanno mantenuto fino ad oggi l’uso della scrittura tradizionale del Nordafrica, detta tifinagh, che discende da quella delle antiche iscrizioni libiche (I millennio a.C.).
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